Scientific and technological quality
Surface science and surface engineering have been developed since early sixties at the last century. Fast development of these fields was stimulated by progress in vacuum technology. Surface science and surface engineering include studies on formation of surfaces with defined chemical composition, structure and physical parameters as well as studies on phenomena and chemical reactions at surfaces. The results make it possible to select the technology to obtain materials with well defined surface parameters.
Surface phenomena on the boundaries of solids, liquids and gases play an important role in industrial technology and their recognition can influence engineering projects. The processes important in industry and technology include chemical catalysis, corrosion protection, power industry (fuel and solar cells), processing of plastics, modern electronics of integrated circuits, industry of machine design, and systems of specific detection (membrane microsensors leaning on the modern selective receptor systems).
Finding out mechanisms of the physicochemical processes, running under known thermodynamic conditions at the phase boundaries, is the way to control the formation or modification of the surface with well defined properties. In order to obtain them it is necessary to carry on the studies applying large set of experimental and theoretical methods which allow characterisation of the surface as well as monitoring and describing the processes running on them. The set of apparatus include: Auger electron spectroscopy AES, photoelectron spectroscopy UPS and XPS (ESCA), infrared spectroscopy IR, isotherm desorption spectroscopy IDS and thermally stimulated desorption TDS, atomic force microscopy AFM, scanning tunnelling microscopy STM, low energy electron diffraction LEED, X-ray diffraction.
The main problems the Centre is engaged in are:
- Heterogenic catalytic reactions – comprising creation of the compounds with required physico-chemical parameters and controlling of elementary steps of surface processes occurring during reaction. Efficiency and selectivity of the catalyst are determined by the formation of expected forms of reagents on the catalyst surface. In these studies the emphasis is laid on: quantitative description of chemical composition of the surface, definition of the surface structure in atomic and nanometric scale including the vacancies and defects as well as adsorbed molecules, construction of the modern catalysts in which the active particle is introduced to the selected place in the catalyst carrier.
- Metal hydrides – the formation of hydrides by high pressure and electrochemical methods; adsorption of hydrogen and its entry into metal.
- Electron spectroscopy - surface analysis by AES, XPS and elastic scattering; theory of elastic backscattering of electrons on surfaces.
- Evaporated metal layers – chemical reactivity.
- Corrosion and protection – surface modification for enhanced resistance
Institute co-operates with industry in performing evaluations, designing the apparatus and working up the technological methods.
The following scientific achievements of the IPCh scientists can be recognised as the most important for SURPHARE:
- Development of the theory of electron transport in solids and its applications in quantitative surface analysis using AES and XPS electron spectroscopy (Prof. Aleksander Jabłoński and co-workers).
- Foundation of scientific base to develop effective modified palladium catalysts to selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes.
- Foundation of original scientific school in the field of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics (Prof. Jan Stecki), including development of an advanced theory describing phase transitions in soft matter (polymer systems, liquid crystals, detergents, gels, etc.) based on topology and statistical mechanics (Prof. Robert Hołyst and co-workers).
- Synthesis of new metal hydrides: hydrides of nickel, manganese and chromium.
- Discovery of palladium hydride superconductivity.
- Development of the TICT (twisted intramolecular charge transfer) states model, i.e. the states in which the process of electron transfer is connected with the change of geometry to orthogonal conformation.
- Development of experimental and numeric methods for determination of phase equilibrium parameters.
- Foundation of the centre for calorimetric and thermochemical research with international recognition, with more than 400 original papers including many monographies published by international publishers.
- Development of chromato-polarography, polarography in nonaqueous solutions and formation of a polish school of supramolecular chemistry.
- Development of an advanced selective method for insect control (Chemipan Laboratory) using synthetic pheromones. The research work on pheromones has been twice distinguished with the awards by the Secretary of the Academy, as well as with awards by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Management and by the Minister of Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry.
The most important technological studies include:
- Development and application of the modern, industrial technology of obtaining pyridine alkali.
- Development of new corrosion inhibitors.
- Development of the technology and application of the plant to SO2 removal with the method of solution catalysis from exhaust gases after the production of sulphuric acid.
- Application of the technology of the catalyst production to selective hydrogenation of acetylene.
- Construction and initiation to production scientific and measuring apparatus: hanging mercury drop electrode, ultra fast spectrophotometers, dynamic calorimeters, optic and spectral apparatus, isocratic fluid chromatographs, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, apparatus to electrochemical investigations.
IPCh was the organiser or co-organiser of national and international conferences and workshops. During last decade, the Institute took part as the organiser of 44 conferences and scientific symposia, including 27 meetings in 1997-2001.
The Institute participates in about 150 projects including 14 international projects within:
- 5th European Union Frame Project (Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources, project no QLK3-2000-01311).
- COPERNICUS (PL-965012, PL-965022).
- Brite-Euram III.
- EUREKA (EU1489 EUROTRAC-2).
- 2nd M. Skłodowska-Curie Foundation (PAN/NSE-97-305).
- COST.
- Polish-German Foundation (2906/96/GB).
- International Program NEDO.
- Japan Corporation of Science and Technology.
- The project in 5th European Union Frame Project within the action Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development was recently applied to evaluation (EVK4.2000-00618).
The scientists from the Centre of Excellence are involved in the following international projects:
- COPERNICUS 701, Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Nitrided Chromium – Alloy Steels.
- COST, Metallic Redox Centers in Thin Polymer Surface Films on Electrodes.
- 2nd M. Skłodowska-Curie Foundation, Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry of Organofullerens and their Charge Transfer Complexes.
- INCO-COPERNICUS, No PL-965012, Determination of standardised parameters describing the electron transport for quantitative surface analysis by electron spectroscopies.
- 2nd M. Skłodowska-Curie Foundation, Accidental roaming on periodic surfaces.
- INCO-COPERNICUS, No PL 965022, Biosensors for Direct Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants in the Field.
- Polish-German Foundation,No 2906/96/GB, Surface properties of fullerens derivatives on the liquid-gas and electrode-electrolyte boundaries.
- 5th European Union Frame Project No QLK3-2000-01311, Evaluation/Validation of Novel Biosensors in Real Environment and Food Samples (within the project Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources).
- 2nd M. Skłodowska-Curie Foundation, Chemical Problems of carbonate fuel cell.
- International Program NEDO, Design Optimisation of Porous Electrodes and Advanced Material Development.
- Japan Corporation of Science and Technology, Synthesis of new materials using high pressure gas.
The scientists of the IPCh actively participate in work of Editorial Boards. They are engaged in 26 Journals. SURPHARE has the representatives as follows:
- J. Flis, Associate Editor of Ochrona przed korozją, published by SIGMA-NOT, Ltd.
- R. Hołyst, Advisory Board of Physica A, published by Elsevier.
- R. Hołyst, Member of the International Advisory Board of Macromolecular Theory and Simulations, published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- A. Jabłoński, Member of the International Advisory Board of Surface and Interface Analysis, published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- A. Jabłoński, Associate Editor of Surface Science Spectra, published by American Institute of Physics.
- A. Jabłoński, Member of the International Advisory Board of Journal of Surface Analysis, published by Surface Analysis Society of Japan.
- W. Kutner, Guest Editor of Bioelectrochemistry, 2003-2005.
- W. Kutner, Member of the A-page Advisory Panel of Analytical Chemistry, 2003-2005.
- J. Lipkowski, Member of the Editorial Board of Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition in Chemistry, published by Kluver Academic Publishers.
- J. Lipkowski, Member of the Editorial Board of Journal of Co-ordination Chemistry, published by Overseas Publishers Association (OPA).
- J. Lipkowski, Member of the Editorial Board of Journal of Chemical Crystallography, published by Plenum Publishing Corporation.
- J. Lipkowski, Member of the Editorial Board of Supramolecular Chemistry, published by Overseas Publishers Association (OPA).
- J. Lipkowski, Member of the Editorial Board of Crystall Engineering, published by Pergamon.
- J. Lipkowski, Member of the Editorial Board of Wiadomości Chemiczne, published by Polish Chemical Society.
IPCh has been judged as one of the leading scientific institutions in Poland. In THE last five years, the number of publications in respected magazines exceeded 1100 and the number of monographs exceeded 40.
The scientific activity of the Institute manifests in many lectures and communication presented at scientific meetings.
The Institute is the editor of scientific journals and publishing series:
- Scientific journals:
- Polish Journal of Chemistry (monthly of the Polish Chemical Society, published since 1991).
- Chemia Analityczna (Analytical Chemistry) (bimonthly of the Committee of Analytical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, published since 1991)
- Nauchnaya Aparatura (published from 1985 to 1991).
- Publishing series:
- Thermodynamical Data for Technology (1976-1988).
- Vapour-Liquid Equilibria (published since 1998 by the Thermodynamics Data Centre in which teams of IPCh participate).
- Floppy Book series (published since 1976).
- IUPAC Solubility Data Series (published since 1979 by Pergamon Press and Oxford University Press with participation of IPCh groups).
- Monographs of IPCh PAS (since 1980).